... The opportunity for 'clean-scanning' exists because the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) is not currently included in the data stored in the vehicle's on-board computer. However, there are other vehicle identifiers that could help combat clean-scanning and the California Air Resources Board (CARB) is adding a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) requirement to OBD II systems as of the 2005 model year. This action will be universal in the USA since all manufacturers currently certify to CARB requirements